Importance of Court Case of Korematsu v. United States

Korematsu v. United States was a Supreme Court case that was decided on December 18, 1944, at the end of World War II. It involved the legality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered many Japanese-Americans to be placed in internment camps during the war. Fast Facts: Korematsu v. United States Case Argued: Oct. 11–12, 1944Decision Issued: Dec. 18, 1944Petitioner: Fred Toyosaburo KorematsuRespondent: United StatesKey Question: Did the president and Congress go beyond their war powers by restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?Majority Decision: Black, Stone,  Reed,  Frankfurter,  Douglas, RutledgeDissenting: Roberts, Murphy, JacksonRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that the security of the United States was more important than upholding the rights of a single racial group during a time of military  emergency. Facts of Korematsu v. United States In 1942, Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, allowing the U.S. military to declare parts of the U.S. as military areas and thereby exclude specific groups of people from them. The practical application was that many Japanese-Americans were forced from their homes and placed in internment camps during World War II. Frank Korematsu (1919–2005), a U.S.-born man of Japanese descent, knowingly defied the order to be relocated and  was arrested and convicted. His case went to the Supreme Court, where it was decided that exclusion orders based on Executive Order 9066 were in fact Constitutional. Therefore, his conviction was upheld. The Courts Decision The decision in the Korematsu v. United States case was complicated and, many might argue, not without contradiction. While the Court acknowledged that citizens were being denied their constitutional rights, it also declared that the Constitution allowed for such restrictions.  Justice Hugo Black wrote in the decision that all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect. He also wrote that Pressing public necessity may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions. In essence, the Court majority decided that the security of the general citizenry of the US was more important than upholding the rights of a single racial group, during this time of military  emergency. Dissenters in the Court, including Justice Robert Jackson, argued that Korematsu had committed no crime, and therefore there were no grounds for restricting his civil rights. Robert also warned that the majority decision would have much more lasting and potentially damaging effects than Roosevelts executive order. The order would likely be lifted after the war, but the Courts decision would establish a precedent for denying rights of citizens if the current powers that be determine such action to be of urgent need.   Significance of Korematsu v. United States The Korematsu decision was significant because it ruled that the United States government had the right to exclude and forcibly move people from designated areas based on their race. The decision was 6-3 that the need to protect the United States from espionage and other wartime acts was more important than Korematsus individual rights. Even though Korematsus conviction was eventually overturned in 1983, the ​Korematsu ruling concerning the creation of exclusion orders has never been overturned.​​ Korematsus Critique of Guantanamo   In 2004, at the age of 84, Frank Korematsu filed an amicus curiae, or friend of the court, brief in support of Guantanamo detainees who were fighting against being held as enemy combatants by the Bush Administration. He argued in his brief that the case was â€Å"reminiscent† of what had happened in the past, where the government too quickly took away individual civil liberties in the name of national security. Was Korematsu Overturned?  Hawaii v. Trump In 2017, President Donald Trump used Executive Order 13769, putting in place a ban on foreign nationals entry to the country using a facially neutral policy that predominantly impacts Muslim-majority nations. The court case Hawaii v. Trump reached the Supreme Court in June, 2018. The case was likened to Korematsu by lawyers for the litigants including Neal Katyal and by Justice Sonia Sotomayor, on the basis of a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the U.S. because the policy now masquerades behind a facade of national-security concerns. In the midst of his decision with regard to Hawaii vs Trump—upholding the travel ban—Chief Justice John Roberts offered a powerful rebuke to Korematsu, The dissent’s reference to Korematsu... affords this Court the opportunity to make express what is already obvious: Korematsu was gravely wrong the day it was decided, has been overruled in the court of history, and—to be clear—has no place in law under the Constitution.   Despite the discussion in both assenting and dissenting arguments over Hawaii vs. Trump, the Korematu decision has not been officially overturned.   Sources and Further Reading Bomboy, Scott. Did the Supreme Court just overrule the Korematsu decision?  Constitution Daily, June 26, 2018.  Chemerinsky, Erwin. Korematsu V. United States: A Tragedy Hopefully Never to Be Repeated. Pepperdine Law Review 39 (2011).  Hashimoto, Dean Masaru. The Legacy of Korematsu V. United States: A Dangerous Narrative Retold. UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal 4 (1996): 72–128.  Katyal, Neal Kumar. Trump V. Hawaii: How the Supreme Court Simultaneously Overturned and Revived Korematsu. Yale Law Journal Forum 128 (2019): 641–56.  Serrano, Susan Kiyomi , and Dale Minami. Korematsu V. United States: A Constant Caution in a Time of Crisis. Asian Law Journal 10.37 (2003): 37–49.  Yamamoto, Eric K. In the Shadow of Korematsu: Democratic Liberties and National Security. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.

All Dreams Can Come True If We Have Courage - 1402 Words

As Walt Disney once said â€Å"All dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them.† Courage is something that everyone is born with, but only some are courageous enough to find it and put it to use. Merriam Webster s defines courage as â€Å"Mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty.† Courage can overcome any obstacle, proving that if we have courage any dream truly can come true. As readers we must understand that there are going to be times in life when we must use courage. By reading about others, and learning how to find the courage within, the reader is able to learn that courage truly is self-identifiable. There may be people along the way to help one find courage. However, it is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The next day he went on a live show on the voice of America and angrily condemned the attacks.† It is very frightening to speak up against something so powerful and evil, example: The T aliban. However, if the whole world were to realize that the power of these hate groups comes from the creation of fear, maybe everyone would be a bit more like Malala’s dad, and not have the fear to speak up for what is right. The author is trying to show us that no matter our circumstances we can all find the courage to fight for what we know is right. Malala is a prime example of courage because her life was put on the line. However, she walked the tightrope over the hate of the Taliban. She reached the tallest building and was able to achieve the greatest of accomplishments. Including being the youngest person ever nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Malala was able to accomplish many extraordinary things thanks to her courage. The next example of a quiet girl with a loud mind is Maya Angelou. Maya was born in Arkansas and raised with her grandma. For her whole life she never knew if she had parents, so she created the perspective that she had been abandoned and unwanted. Though a negative outlook, a realistic one for a child who had never received anything from the so-called â€Å"parents† that brought her into this cold, lonely world. â€Å"I wouldn’t have to wonder whether I loved him or not, or have to answer â€Å"Does Daddy’s baby want to go to California with Daddy?†Show MoreRelatedA Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes990 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes; is about what occurs to the dream when you postpone them, instead of going for it and make it come true. Many people in this world has a dream or some sort of goal that they would like to accomplish. Although most of us would love to follow our dreams, sometimes we just canno t do it due to the struggles that we would have to face. This poem is based on a guy who is going through a difficult time and what would happen to his dream if he puts it on holdRead MoreWalt Disney was a small town boy with a dream, just like any other American. However, what900 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney was a small town boy with a dream, just like any other American. However, what separates Disney from the rest is his creativity, courage, vision, and result-oriented mindset. First, Disney focused closely on his creativity. Disney was always known for his creative characters and stories, but how did this help him be a catalyst for change? He continued to create. Disney’s imagination never stopped and this allowed his company to prosper. Disney made made many Alice shorts, but he eventuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Tattoos On The Heart1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream In Tattoos on the Heart, by Gregory Boyle, he describes the insecurity of gangs, violence, father wound, and crisis that the prisoners went through when they got out of jail. Boyle runs Homeboy Industries thats located in the Boyle Heights neighborhood in Los Angeles, which was made to help gangs, and fresh out of prison parolees who want to improve their lives. They are not able to get jobs because their appearance gained financial and family insecurity. â€Å"Just assume the answerRead MoreSummary Of Anthem By Ayn Rand924 Words   |  4 Pages In our discussions of Anthem, by Ayn Rand, key aspects of true individuality include assertive and defiant behavior. Ayn Rand believes that both these components of Equality’s personality have shaped his final form of being an individual from his peers. Without his confidence and willingness to rebel against society, Equality would have conformed, acting and thinking like all the people around him. From this perspective, we see that the protagonist’s confidence elevates his bravery, while his defiantRead MoreThe Forms of True Bravery800 Words   |  4 PagesForms of True Bravery Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.† And fear is just a state of mind, a strong and thick barrier that prevents us from success and achieving our dreams or what we believe is right to us, but it is weak and thin when standing against courage, and once it is defeated, those barriers dissipate. But the main question is how can we conquerRead MoreWomen in Combat Roles in the Military851 Words   |  3 PagesPhysical differences between men and women come up in careers such as the military. The military career requires great responsibility, dedication, and sacrifice. The key to achieving a good performance in this field is to have an excellent physical ability. Women with physical training can exceed men without physical training. In addition, women have to have great value to develop this type of careers. The equality and teamwo rk are two fundamental reasons too. Over the years, it has been thoughtRead MoreThe Legacy of Walt Disney1001 Words   |  4 PagesImagine if dreams could really become a reality. Something thought to be so far off from possible simply coming true. Everyone has a purpose in their life; it’s just a matter of seeking it out. Dreams can vary from small to large. No matter what size it is, it is a passion stirred up in the inside. A dream is a desire of your heart. No one can fulfill one’s dream but themselves. While following a dream, the road gets tough. Some give up, and others strive to accomplish it. Sometimes, a dream could beRead MoreChapter Break Free From The Enemy Within1741 Words   |  7 PagesForeword - CHAPTER 1: COURAGE - CHAPTER 2: LET GO - CHAPTER 3 GROWTH - CHAPTER 4 INDEPENDANCE - CHAPTER 5 HEALTH WELLBEING - CHAPTER 6 LOVE YOURSELF - CHAPTER 7 BREAK FREE Foreword: Hello My name is Shane Reynolds. I hope all is well and you are happy in your heart. I am a motivational speaker, law student, finance executive and writer based on the Gold Coast, in Queensland Australia. This book is dedicated to all my family (present and passed), particularly my parents, who have always been a greatRead MoreWalt Disneys Recipe for the Four Cs1024 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Walt Disney was a man who changed peoples life, and imagined new things and never gave up on his dreams. Walt Disney inspires people not give up on their dreams just like he never did when people told him he couldnt. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago Illinois, to his father, Elias Disney, and his mother, Flora Call Disney. Walt was one of five children, four boys and a girl.† (Brad A.) â€Å"The Disney family moved to Marceline, Missouri when Walt was born. Mr. Walt livedRead More Janie from Their Eyes Were Watching God, Gatsby from The Great Gatsby, June from The Joy Luck Club, and Edna from The Awakening1727 Words   |  7 Pagesmost of the worlds greatest literature, there have been introduced countless courageous characters and triumphant victories. These characters have the power to father strength from distress and grow brave by reflection. Such characters as Janie from Their Eyes Were Watching God, Gatsby from The Great Gatsby, June from The Joy Luck Club, and Edna from The Awakening. Throughout each of these magnificent stories comes an example of bravery and courage. Although in some cases, the characters may not

Retribution Theology Free Essays

God delivered the children of Israel out of the Egyptian’s abusive hands and gave them the Ten Commandments. These rules were given to live by and form an everlasting relationship with their God. But, if they failed to keep their end of the bargain, God would have to punish them. We will write a custom essay sample on Retribution Theology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Retribution theology is the belief that those who are obedient to God are called righteous and will be blessed, while those that are disobedient are wicked and will be cursed (Tullock 2006). From the beginning of Exodus and beyond the Babylonian Exile, retribution theology was prevalent in the lives of Israel. The Old Testament writings reiterate God’s faithfulness towards Israel. â€Å"The Old Testament indicates that God’s law was specially revealed to Israel in the context of His redeeming and delivering His people from bondage,† (Bahnsen 1980). But before Moses, God established an unconditional covenant with Abram when he obeyed Him. God changed Abram’s name to Abraham and told him that his descendants would possess the land of Canaan forever. â€Å"I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. † (Genesis 12:2, NRSV). These descendants became known as Israel and after 500 years of being God’s chosen people, they became the slaves of the Egyptians. Since God is faithful and Israel was His people, He had to remove them from the oppression of Pharaoh. In a theophany, God appeared to Moses in a burning bush and commissioned him to deliver the children of Israel. Once God freed them and provided them an escape route, under the leadership of Moses, He endowed them with the law and His blessings. â€Å"Now therefore, if you obey my voice and keep my covenant, you shall be my treasured possession out of all the peoples. (Exodus 19:5, NRSV). After freeing them, God provided them with the means for remaining freed and receiving His provisions. In spite of their deliverance, the Israelites’ problems did not end with their exodus from Egypt. They suffered many trials and tribulations, but from the hand of the God who had promised to bless them (Deffinbaugh 1976). Because of their murmuring, com plaining, and unbelief, God allowed Israel to walk around in the wilderness for forty years. This was literally only a three day journey. In addition, God never intended for Israel to have to fight their way into the Promised Land; He wanted them to have faith and obey Him. Again, because of their disobedience, God allowed them to suffer the consequences of sin. God called Israel to be righteous before Him. Righteousness was what the people were to be and to do because of God. It meant to be in the right relationship with God, and to act accordingly in the world based on that moral relationship. He blessed Israel out of His love and cursed out of His righteousness or holiness (Deffinbaugh 1976). To be righteous was to have the teaching of God in one’s heart, to know and to understand the things of God. While the term could be used to describe ethical actions in the world, the primary focus of righteousness was toward God, what the people were in relation to God. Righteousness was the people’s relationship to God based on the fact, that â€Å"I am your God. † Therefore, God felt that He had every right to curse them when they were disobedient to His covenant. The first commandment God gave Israel was to have no other gods before Him because He was the one true God. Clearly, God knew and acknowledged that there were other gods or objects the people in that time worshipped. But He had proven to the Hebrew people that He was their deliverer, provider, and their God. The second commandment said not to make for themselves any type of idol, that God was jealous, and that He showed mercy to those that loved Him and kept His commandments. Now, He revealed His nature and how He was to be honored. It was only right, just and honorable that they worshipped and obeyed Him. There did not seem to be any secrets or mysteries on what God expected from Israel. But, Israel just could not stop worshipping idols. They continued to worship Baal, the god of sun, rain, thunder, fertility, and agriculture despite the prophets’ warnings. Many prophets such as Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Amos, and Micah warned Israel of their wickedness and the consequences. When Israel became a nation, God’s law of righteousness did not change. He still expected them to obey His word. God’s national blessings and cursings were conditional as well. If a nation repented of its sin and turned to God, its threatened judgment could be prevented. If a nation turned from God, its promised blessings would be taken away. Many forms of divine retribution can fall on a human life which is worse than immediate death. In fact, Jeremiah made just such a complaint about the punishment inflicted on Jerusalem (Lam. 4:6, 9). One might think also of King Saul, whose last days were burdened with such mental and emotional turmoil that death itself was a kind of release. 10:30-31. No one should regard such a warning as an idle threat. God Himself has claimed the right to take vengeance and to judge His people. In saying this, the author quoted twice from Deuteronomy (32:35-36), a chapter which most vividly evokes the picture of God’s people suffering His retributive judgments (cf. esp. Deut. 32:19-27). Those familiar with this text, as well as other descriptions of God’s wrath against â€Å"His people,† agree: it is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. Not only did God operate in that manner of retribution theology, but Israel believed that if you obeyed the law, you would prosper. If you didn’t obey the law, you would suffer. How to cite Retribution Theology, Papers

Comparison and Contrast of Switches and Bridges

Question: Discuss about the Comparison and Contrast of Switches and Bridges? Answer: Introduction Network bridges and switches used as data link layer in the OSI (Open System Interaction) model. Both of these have similar functionalities, however switches are considered as more superior devices than bridges in terms of network performance. This particular report has used to explore the intelligence functions of switches and bridges in network traffic flow activities. Specific performance of these devices will be analyzed in a comparative way by paying attention to the data transmission method, traffic management control, error recovery system and network performance. The Layer(S) Used in the OSI Model Figure 1: OSI Layers (Source: Bari et al., 2013, pp-915) Network Switches: Network switch always operates at the second layer of the OSI model and provide proper connectivity between the LAN clients. Data link layer allows the users access the network medium, as well as provides the means to check the errors of the system and other basic functionalities of the network (Chowdhury, 2013). This network layer consists of Ethernet, token ring switches, NIC (Network Interface Cards) and bridges which allows the network switch to access the system for sending and receiving messages. Figure 2: Operations of Network Switch (Source: Gebali, 2015, pp-100) Network Switch uses MAC address of the network interface card. This MAC address of data link layer in OSI model helps to address, forward and filter traffic, so that network congestion can be reduced at larger extent. The Ethernets offers a physical address to that data of devices such as switch can be sent on the network (Huang Kemp, 2016). This layer with networking software management system has error detection capabilities. Bridges: This also operate in the data link layer of OSI model. This network bridge connects two parts in the same network and reads the destination address for each Ethernet packet and token frame with maximum efficiency and speed (Ortiz et al., 2013). Figure 3: Operations of Bridges in Data Link Layer (Source: Tate et al., 2016, pp-55) The data link layer offers reliable transmission of data frames between the adjacent nodes of bridges. With the implementation of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), data link layer performs the errors detection functions and control management system. Bridges with high data link control applications of this layer facilitates best communication over multiple links. Intelligence of Switches and Bridges In order to measure the intelligence of switches in OSI model, it can be stated that it can effectively built a network and links all the network devices to forward data and information. In layer 2 of OSI model, switches read the MAC address and build a table to forward the packets (Wang et al., 2013). The application of switch only receives messages from the connected devices and transmits those messages only to those particular devices for which the message was made. This facility makes the switch more intelligent than other components of the network. In the modern Ethernet LANs, switch plays a significant role. Switch has redundant power circuits that can operate in power fails situation also. On the other hand, bridges have high performance functionalities which are used to improve network performance by maintaining traffic and signals. Bridges can read the messages of the outermost section of network to check the path of going messages. This helps to reduce traffic flows in the network system as it does not sent all the packets through the network management system (Ramanathan et al., 2012). But efficiency of bridges is lesser than the switches as it can only read the messages of the outermost section of network hardware. Bridges also do not allow connection of several networks with various architectures. Data Transmission For increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of traffic management network performance, the switches plays a crucial role. Primarily, switches are used to break one single system into several subdivided systems and for that reason, the repeater limitations and the distance are resumed (Pagan Short, 2014). Then the same segmentation separates the traffic and which in turn lessens the collisions thereby optimizes the network congestion. On the other hand, bridges use two Ethernet networks so that data can be transferred from on network to another network. By the use of bridge system, networks are divided into several parts so that transmission of data can be handled precisely (Chowdhury, 2013). Bridges are used for segregating data by distinguishing them into two streams which can effectively decrease the traffic flow and increase the control over data transmission system. Traffic Management Switches with multiple ports used in the local networks to isolate the data flow for the improvements of performance (Mehta et al., 2012). Switches are more superior than bridges and with high sped functionalities help to minimize the traffic congestion problems. Bridge is the device that is used to connect and pass packets between several network segments. This can be used to analyze the incoming packets and forward each packet. By this bridge can improve the performance of network management system by minimizing the collision chances and reducing unnecessary traffic (Boutaba et al., 2013). This application of bridges divides the traffic into several segments and filters the traffic flows based on the MAC address. Network Performance By two basic operations switch improve the performance of the entire network. At first, it receives data frame from input media and sends this to output media. By the second operation, maintenance of switching applications can be done by switching tables and switch builds (Gebali, 2015). The Ethernet switch allows the users to communicate over the virtual circuits, so that efficiency of the network bandwidth can be increased. Bridges can join two networks of several media platforms and always try to keep te networks data free, so that congestion can be minimized and improvements of network can be increased. Error Recovery In the case of error recovery, the LAN switches can be used which comprises of two different architectures including store-and-forward and cut-through. The store-and-forward switch analyzes and acquires the overall packet before transferring it to the destination source (Bari et al., 2013). The cut-through switches, on the other hand, review the address of the destination before moving it to the target part. According to the error recovery in the network design, the bridges can be used to disallow packets from particular systems and it is used to lower the bandwidth utilization. The bridges are unable to maintain the integrity of data transmission when they receive errors. When there is an error in a single frame then that frame is not correctly transmitted (Ortiz et al., 2013). At that moment, the bridges don't allow the option of retransmission. When the bridges become congested, the frames are discarded for making the traffic smooth. Appearance of Switches and Bridges in a Network In a network design, a switch is a network device which chooses a circuit or path for transferring a data unit to the next destination. Figure 4: Appearance of Bridge and Switch in Network (Source: ) Bridges, on the other hand, helps to establish connections between local area networks (LANs) using the same protocol. Conclusion After the analysis of the report, it can be concluded that the switches operate on the second Open System Interconnection (OSI) layer known as the data link layer. The functions depending on the 3rd layer of the OSI model consist of routing between the networks and VLANs. The bridges work at the Data-Link Layer of the Open System Interconnection model and are used to connect similar or dissimilar local area network segments which operate at the data link layer. The switches in a network optimize the network congestion while the usage of bridges can make the traffic smooth. Switches appear at the gateway levels or backbone of a network while the bridges appear at the nodes of a local area network. References Bari, M. F., Boutaba, R., Esteves, R., Granville, L. Z., Podlesny, M., Rabbani, M. G., ... Zhani, M. F. (2013). Data center network virtualization: A survey.Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,15(2), 909-928. Chowdhury, D. D. (2013).High speed LAN technology handbook. Springer Science Business Media. Gebali, F. (2015).Analysis of Computer Networks. Springer. Huang, K., Kemp, M. F. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,237,034. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kizza, J. M. (2013). Computer Network Fundamentals. InGuide to Computer Network Security(pp. 3-41). Springer London. Mehta, A., Mehta, K., Ramanathan, R., Sankaran, K., Ramakrishnan, R., Shenoy, S., Krishna, G. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,125,928. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Ortiz, G., Uemura, H., Bortis, D., Kolar, J. W., Apeldoorn, O. (2013). Modeling of soft-switching losses of IGBTs in high-power high-efficiency dual-active-bridge DC/DC converters.Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on,60(2), 587-597. Pagan, F. C., Short, J. E. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,713,641. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Pandey, V. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,265,075. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Ramanathan, R., Mehta, A., Ramakrishnan, R., Krishna, G., Chaganti, S., Sankaran, K., Grandhi, J. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,295,291. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Tate, J., Beck, P., Ibarra, H. H., Kumaravel, S., Miklas, L. (2016).Introduction to storage area networks. IBM Redbooks. Wang, A., Iyer, M., Dutta, R., Rouskas, G. N., Baldine, I. (2013). Network virtualization: Technologies, perspectives, and frontiers.Lightwave Technology, Journal of,31(4), 523-537.